Introduction and Course Objectives

The purpose of the course is to introduce students to health problems, policies, and practices in developing countries from developing country perspectives, and to give students some preliminary experiences in the kinds of work situations they would face in development cooperation for health at the operational level.

Developing country perspectives are a central feature of the course. They will be brought to bear largely through class discussions and written work. Perspectives covered include (a) the policy and operational levels of the health sector and Ministry of Health; (b) Ministry of Finance/Planning civil service budget and program reviewers; (c) health advocates such as NGOs; (d) local professional organizations of physicians and other health care providers; and (e) private sector interest groups such as financiers and private sector health service providers.

The course will help students learn:

To enhance their understanding of health problems, policies, and practices in developing countries, along with interventions to address problems;

To recognize how improved developing country health policies could improve health outcomes; and

To develop skills in analyzing health situations and possibilities for intervention.

The contents of health problems, policies, and practices in developing countries and the multiple perspectives of actors will be elucidated and addressed in readings, class presentations and discussions, several role-play exercises in class, an individual briefing paper, a proposal for an NGO health project, and a take-home examination at the end of the course. Topics and required readings for each session are set out below, along with annotations on selected readings. Optional reference readings are included, for those interested in further study on each topic, along with a general reference list at the end of the syllabus. The readings, in many cases, will be in print OR electronic reserves in the SAIS Library, but not in both formats, since the SAIS Library is gradually moving away from placing materials on reserve in dual format. If this creates problems, feedback to the instructors and especially to the SAIS Library will be appropriate.

The course will take place within the general framework of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000. The course will use child health as a cross-cutting theme to weave together different aspects of health problems, policies and practices in developing countries.

In recent years there have been major shifts in the conceptual basis for health improvement in the developing world. A fundamental feature of the new paradigm is the integration of economic principles with more traditional public health concepts. This work was initially spearheaded under the umbrella of the World Bank, and subsequently taken up by the World Health Organization. Both organizations did relatively little of this work in-house. Rather, they contracted with major academic and research institutions in the field of health. A substantial share of the readings for the SAIS course come out of this work, and this explains the preponderance of materials from international agencies in the reading list. Nonetheless, the course instructors have endeavored to include alternative views in the readings and class sessions.

The course readings come from several textbooks, health and development journals, and the websites of organizations. The readings are balanced between materials covering overall, global concepts and tool-oriented materials, and empirically oriented country cases.

The course will explore a range of factors that influence health outcomes, such as inter-relationships among health policies, health systems, health care financing and human and organizational behavior. Although a number of factors outside the health system also influence health outcomes, the course will only peripherally deal with such factors. Several disciplines – including medicine, epidemiology, economics, statistics, and medical anthropology - provide the technical basis for public health. The course will not attempt to provide a foundation in any of those disciplines. Rather, the course will utilize applications from such disciplines to promote an understanding of health problems, policies, and practices, with particular reference to child health and the MDGs. The course will assume at least limited acquaintance with economics and finance. It will not teach basic concepts of economics or finance but focus on their application to health issues in developing countries.

The work and perspectives of donor organizations engaged in health in developing countries will generally not be treated as a separate subject, but will be integrated into the class presentations and discussions, particularly in the final session. A separate, optional session on the World Bank and the dynamics of donor relations in health in developing countries will be organized if there is suitable demand, but will not be considered part of the curriculum.

The class will meet on Tuesday evenings at 6:00 PM.

The course instructors do not have offices at SAIS but are available to meet with students upon request, preferably before or after class; exchanges by e-mail are encouraged, particularly in connection with written assignments.

Performance Expectations and Measuring Performance

Each student will be expected to complete all the required readings in advance of each session. The optional, reference readings provide additional background for those who wish to immerse themselves more deeply in particular issues covered in the course but reading them is not part of the instructors’ performance expectations. Selected reference readings may, however, prove useful in preparation of the written exercises.

Questions to guide the readings will be provided prior to each class; they are intended to facilitate class preparation and make the task of covering the reading easier. Most of the readings will be available electronically. Copies of all required readings not available through regular library reference services will be placed on reserve in the SAIS Library.

Students will be expected to participate proactively in group discussions and class exercises. Learning to work effectively in groups is an important aspect of the course. The discussions, exercises, and the final examination will be designed to encourage analysis, synthesis and application of ideas and information provided in the readings and previous classes.

Three written products will be submitted:

a) An individual briefing paper or an aide memoire annex for a trip or mission report by a team from a development assistance agency, on a specific health problem not specifically addressed in the course. For the paper, students will be expected to identify, comprehend, and synthesize a considerable volume of material for a developing country health leadership and decision-making audience into a short, readable, note oriented towards action and policy change at the country level. An essential part of this task is writing for an audience of policy makers in the specific country of the report. This assignment will be due at the class on September 28; electronic and hard copy would be appreciated.

b) A proposal for an NGO health project in a developing country prepared and submitted by a local NGO. The project will be prepared for submission to a social fund financed by donors but managed by the local authorities. As in work situations in developing countries, the project proposals will be designed and presented by teams of class members. The course instructors will assign students to the teams. The course instructors will provide terms of reference for the proposal and examples of NGO and local authority health projects in developing countries as background. The projects will be presented in draft form by the teams to the class on November 16; comments and critique at that session, intended to simulate a social fund board meeting, are to be taken into account by the teams in preparing the final version of their proposals. The final version of the proposal is to be submitted at the class on November 30. Electronic and hard copy would be appreciated.

c) An individual take-home examination at the end of the course. Students will be expected to complete the examination paper and submit it electronically within twenty-four hours. The date for the take-home examination will be determined during the course. In principle it should be taken immediately after the final class session on December 7.

Grades will be weighted as follows:

a) Quality of class participation – understanding of and drawing upon the readings; speaking, and active listening – 30%

b) Briefing note/aide memoire on a developing country health problem – 15%

c) Project proposal – 35%

Take-home examination – 20%.

In addition to the standard SAIS overall course evaluation, students will be asked to complete an informal mid-term evaluation to afford the instructors possibilities for change during the course.

Session 1 (9/14/2004): Introduction to Health in Developing Countries; Health and the Millennium Development Goals

Introductions and expectations of students and instructors

A framework for review of health problems, policies and practices in developing countries

Introduction to the Millennium Development Goals, especially the child health targets, and to the life cycle perspective on health

Overview of course objectives, themes, and sessions

Explanation of logistics and learning processes, curriculum updating, products expected of students, and evaluation criteria

Required Readings for Introduction to Health in Developing Countries; Health and the Millennium Development Goals

The following readings should, if possible, be completed before the first class. They are valuable for the course as a whole.

Jamison, D.T., Mosley, W.H., Measham, A.R., and Bobadilla, J.L. (editors), Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Oxford Medical Publications, 1993 pp. 3 – 14 (see especially Figure 1-1 and Tables 1-1 and 1-2).

Yazbeck, Abdo et al, Health, Nutrition and Population Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Sourcebook, ‘Determinants of Health Outcomes,’ Conceptual Framework graph, pg. 8 only, available on the web at http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/strategies/chapters/health/hnpprsp.pdf

Merson, Michael H. et al, ‘Introduction’ in International Public Health, Merson, Michael H. et al, eds., Aspen Publishers, 2001, pp. xvii – xxvi.

Millenium Development Goals: (a) UN Millennium Declaration (A/RES/55/2, especially para. 19), available at UN website

http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf

and (b) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) materials on the web at http://www.developmentgoals.org/ (read sections on infant and child mortality, maternal mortality, and reproductive health - important for an understanding of the increasingly accepted Millennium Development Goals).

World Bank, World Development Report 1993 Investing in Health, pp. 1-6, and especially Box 1 (pg. 6), Table 3 (pg. 14) and Box 2 (pg. 15), Chapter 1, pages 17 – 24 Why health matters; The record of success; pp. 34 – 35 Lessons from the past

Session 2 (9/21/2004) : Child Health and Nutrition

The importance of child health and nutrition in improving national health outcomes

Factors contributing to poor health and nutritional status in children

Measures to improve child health and nutrition

Amin, Ruhul, Immunization Coverage and Child Mortality in two Rural Districts of Sierra Leone, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 42, No. 11, 19996, pp 1599 – 1604 (practical, well-documented, short case study).

Claeson, Mariam and Ronald J. Waldman 2000, The Evolution of Child Health Programs in Developing Countries: From Targeting Diseases to Targeting People, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000 78 (10), available on the WHO website http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue10/bu0762.pdf (Focus especially on Box 1 and Figures 2 and 3; note also that the entire edition of the WHO Bulletin is devoted to child mortality and may thus contain other materials that could be used in the aide memoire and/or project proposal.)

Jones, Gareth et al, How Many Child Deaths Can We Prevent This Year? The Lancet, Vol. 362, July 5, 2003, pp. 65 – 70 (This is one of a five article series; students writing their aide-memoire and/or project proposal on a child health topic are encouraged to consult all five articles)

Simon, Jonathan et al 2001, The Family Health Cycle: from Concept to Implementation, pp. 4-15 (conceptual framework), pp.21 – 29 (case studies in Jamaica, Dominican Republic, and Senegal), available at http://www1.worldbank.org/hnp/HNP%20Pubs%20-%20Discussion/Simon-%20The%20Family%20Health-whole.pdf.

Simon, Jonathan et al 2001 Better Health for Poor Children – A Special Report, World Health Organization and World Bank, pp. V, 1-27 (an excellent collaborative overview), available at: http://www.who.int/consultation-child-adolescent/Documents/Better_Health.pdf

UNICEF 2002, A World Fit for Children, UNICEF report (UN document A/S-27/19/Rev.1) for the United Nations Special Session on Children, (read full report, pp. 1-17, available at the UNICEF website http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/documentation/documents/A-S27-19-Rev1E-annex.pdf)

World Bank 2002, Health, Nutrition and Population Development Goals – Measuring Progress using the Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework, pp. 1-12, pp. 27-30 (introductory material on the framework, the chapter on child mortality, and the chapter on malnutrition).

World Bank, World Development Report 1993 Investing in Health, Chapter 2, pp. 37 – 51, Households and Health

World Health Organization, IMCI Information – Management of Childhood Illness in Developing Countries – Rationale for an Integrated Strategy, WHO document WHO/CHS/CAH/98.1A, Rev. 1, 1999, full document (6 pages)

Reference materials on Child Health and Nutrition

Bryce, Jennifer et al, Reducing Child Mortality: Can Public Health Deliver?, The Lancet, Vol. 362, July 12, 2003, pp. 159 – 163

Costello, A. and H. White 2001, Reducing Global Inequalities in Child Health, Archives of Disease in Childhood, Vol. 84 (February), pp. 98-102.

Costello, A. and D. Manandhar, eds. 2000 Improving Newborn Infant Health in Developing Countries, London, Imperial College Press, Chapter 1, Current State of the Health of Newborn Infants in Developing Countries’, pp. 3 – 13.

Griffiths, Marcia et al, Promoting the Growth of Children: What Works? – Rationale and Guidance for Programs, Human Development Department, The World Bank, 1996 (Tool No. 4 in the World Bank’s Nutrition Toolkit).

Jamison, D.T., Mosley, W.H., Measham, A.R., and Bobadilla, J.L. (Editors). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Oxford Medical Publications, 1993.

This book has several chapters relevant to child health issues. In particular, chapters of interest are:

Part 1: includes an overview of disease priorities and the cost effectiveness of various interventions

Part 2 includes specific chapters on the major health problems of childhood, namely: cute respiratory infection (ARI), Diarrheal Diseases, Poliomyelitis, Helminth Infections (i.e. parasitic worms), Measles, Tetanus, Protein Calorie Malnutrition, Micro-Nutrient Disorders.

Standing, Hilary and Anthony Costello, ‘Social and Developmental Issues affecting the Perinatal Health of Mothers and Their Infants’, Chapter 3, pp. 79 – 96, in Costello, A. and D. Manandhar, eds. 2000 Improving Newborn Infant Health in Developing Countries, London, Imperial College Press.

World Health Organization, A Critical Link – Interventions for Physical Growth and Psychological Development – a Review, WHO document WHO/CHS/CAH/99.3, pp. 1-7.

Yasmin, Sohely et al 2001, Neonatal Mortality of Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Bangladesh, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79 (7), pp. 608-613.

Session 3 (9/28/2004) : Women’s health and fertility; Cairo and the post-Cairo Agenda

Women’s health: issues related to reproduction, health and nutrition; associated health system interventions and health programs

Fertility and demographic change, and their relationships with health

The Cairo International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) - implementation challenges and opportunities.

Required Readings on Women’s Health and Fertility, and Cairo and the post-Cairo Agenda

Ashford, Lori S., New Population Policies: Advancing Women’s Health and Rights, Population Bulletin Vol. 56, No. 1, March 2001 (a comprehensive overview of the Cairo Conference and related issues,) available on the web at http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=Population_Bulletin1&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=5878

Bolam, A. et al 1998, Factors Affecting Home Delivery in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Health Policy and Planning, 13 (2) 152-158, Oxford University Press.

Clemmons, Lydia and Yaya Coulibaly, Cultural Resources and Maternal Health in Mali, Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Notes, pp. 1-4, No. 12, September 1999, The World Bank (also available at the Bank’s IK web address

http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/iknt12.pdf

Mensch, Barbara S. et al, The Changing Nature of Adolescence in the Kassena-Nankana District of Northern Ghana, Studies in Family Planning 1999 20 [2], pp. 95 – 111.

Population Council, What Can Be Done to Foster Multisectoral Population Policies? Summary Report of a Seminar, May 1997, Washington, D.C., pp. 1-13.

Potts, Malcolm and Murphy, Elaine, The Cairo Consensus: One Year Later, ‘Population Today’, pp. 4-5, November 1995 (two alternative views, positive and negative, on the Cairo ICPD).

Birdsall, Nancy et al, eds., 2001 Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth and Poverty in the Developing World, New York, Oxford University Press, Chapter 1, pp. 3 – 23, ‘How and Why Population Matters: New Findings, New Issues’, (this book is an important new synthesis of research on a critical health and development issue).

Liljestrand, Jerker. Strategies to Reduce Maternal Mortality Worldwide, Current Opinions and Gynecology 2000, 12:513-517 (an overview including an excellent reference list of seminal papers on the topic).

World Bank, The Changing Context, in Population and the World Bank – Adapting to Change, The World Bank, Human Development Network, 1999, pp. 10-11 and Figure 2 (stages of the demographic and epidemiological transition).

World Bank 2002, Health, Nutrition and Population Development Goals – Measuring Progress using the Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework, pp. 13-16 (material on maternal mortality and reproductive health).

World Health Organization, Making Pregnancy Safer, Country Report on Modova (3 pp), available at WHO website http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/mps/Moldova.en.html

Reference materials on Women’s Health and Fertility

AbouZahr Carla and Tesssa Wardlaw, Maternal Mortality at the end of a Decade: Signs of Progress? World Health Organization Bulletin, 2001, 79 (6), pp. 561 – 567 includes a useful discussion of the difficult problem of measuring maternal mortality).

Family Care International 1999, Meeting the Cairo Challenge – a Summary Report on Implementing the ICPD Program of Action, pp. 1-31.

Germain, Adrienne, Population and Reproductive Health: Where Do We Go Next? American Journal of Public Health, December 2000, Vol. 90, No. 12, pp. 1838 – 1840 (a brief overview by a key advocate on women’s health issues).

Hodgson, Dennis and Susan Cotts Watkins, Feminists and Neo-Malthusians: Past and Present Alliances, Population and Development Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, September 1997, pp. 469 – 525 (a discussion of the intellectual and political history and current dynamics in the perspectives of feminists and neo-Malthusians on population issues, with particular reference to the Cairo ICPD Conference).

Jamison D.T., Mosley, W.H., Measham, A.R., and Bobadilla, J.L., editors, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Oxford Medical Publications, 1993, pp. 333-362, on excess fertility; pp. 363 – 390, on maternal and peri-natal health.

McIntosh, Alison C. and Jason L. Finkle, The Cairo Conference on Population and Development: A New Paradigm? Population and Development Review, Vol. 21, No. 2, June 1995, pp. 223 - 260 (an excellent, balanced summary of the intellectual history of the ICPD Program of Action).

Reducing Peri-natal and Neonatal Mortality – Report of a Meeting, Baltimore, MD, May 10-12, 1999, Child Health Research Project Special Report Vol. 3, No. 1, USAID-Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health.

Ross, John et al, Profiles for Family Planning and Reproductive Health Programs – 116 Countries, The Futures Group International, 1999 (good source of background material for the aide-memoire, if the aide-memoire addresses these subjects).

Tinker, Anne, A New Agenda for Women’s Health, World Bank, 1995, pp. 1-84. (An excellent summary of the evidence for increased attention to women’s health; health problems affecting women and cost effective interventions; key aspects of programs and the impact of government policies including financing, private sector, quality of care; and how international assistance agencies could contribute to improved health for women.)

United Nations, Program of Action Adopted at International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (available at the UNFPA website http://www.unfpa.org/icpd/background.htm).

United Nations Population Fund, State of World Population, an annual report by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and other documents at the UNFPA website ‘www.unfpa.org’. (Each year since 1978, UNFPA has issued a report highlighting new developments in population. Recent reports have dealt with reproductive rights and reproductive health; urbanization; population, resources and the environment; women, population and development and a world of six billion people; much useful material.)

United Nations Population Fund, Working to Empower Women: UNFPA's Experience in Implementing the Beijing Platform for Action. (This report, available at the UNFPA website (http://www.unfpa.org/tpd/gender/index.htm), highlights what UNFPA is doing to support governments and civil society in each of the 12 "critical areas" of the Platform for Action of the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women: empowering women and ensuring their human rights; women and poverty; education and training; women and health; violence against women; women and armed conflict; women and the economy; women in power and decision-making; institutional mechanisms for the advancement of women; human rights of women; women and the media; women and the environment; and the girl-child.)

United Nations Population Fund, Women’s Empowerment and Reproductive Health: Links Throughout the Life Cycle, pp 1-22. (After describing the international consensus reached in Beijing at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women, about empowering women and ending gender inequality, and defining key human rights concepts, this report, available at the UNFPA website (www.unfpa.org) examines key issues related to reproductive health and rights that affect women throughout their lives. Topics covered include early life chances, the mutual relationship between reproductive health and education, adolescence and the transition to adulthood, marriage and the family, labor force participation and employment, and reproductive health.)

Session 4 (10/5/2004) Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

The communicable disease epidemics of today: HIV/AIDS/TB and Malaria - determinants, consequences, programs and interventions.

The emerging health agenda of non-communicable diseases and injuries

Adult health in developing countries

Required Readings on Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases:

Arndt, Channing and Jeffrey Lewis, The Macro Implications of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: A Preliminary Assessment, Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 9, pp. i-ii (executive summary, available at the working paper series web address http://worldbank.org/afr/wps/index.htm)

Borgdorff, Martien W. et al, Interventions to Reduce Tuberculosis Mortality and Transmission in Low and Middle Income Countries, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2002, 80(3), pp. 217-224, available at the WHO website, http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2002/bul-3-E-2002/80(3)217-227.pdf (read this after other materials on TB).

Dixon, Simon et al 2002, The Impact of HIV and AIDS on Africa’s Economic Development, British Medical Journal No. 324, 26 January 2002. pp. 232-234

Feachem, Richard G. A., et al, ‘A Summary,’ Chapter 1 in Feachem, Richard G.A. et al, eds. The Health of Adults in the Developing World, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 1-22

Greenwood, B.M. What’s New in Malaria Control, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol.91, No. 5, 1997 (pp. 523-531.

Roll Back Malaria Partnership, What is the RBM Partnership? read background on this partnership at its website http://rbm.who.int/cgi-bin/rbm/rbmportal/custom/rbm/home.do

Weil, Diana E. C., Advancing Tuberculosis Control within Reforming Health Systems, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 4 (7), pp. 597-603.

World Bank 2002, Health, Nutrition and Population Development Goals – Measuring Progress using the Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework, pp. 17-26 (material on communicable diseases; reading this before the other materials on communicable disease will facilitate comprehension).

World Health Organization 2002, Global Defence against the Infectious Disease Threat, Chapter VII, Roll Back Malaria, pp. 156 – 171, available on the web http://mosquito.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/016/011/cdprogress_report_rbm.pdf

World Health Organization 2002, Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), Burden of Disease [from Tobacco], 4 pp, available on the web http://www5.who.int/tobacco/page.cfm?sid=47

World Health Organization 2002, Tuberculosis Fact Sheet, 4 pp., revised August 2002, available on the web http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/who104/en/print.html

Reference materials on communicable and non-communicable diseases

Bell, Clive, Shantayan Devarajan and Hans Gersbach, The Long-run Economic Costs of AIDS: Theory and Application to South Africa, June 2003, available at: http://www1.worldbank.org/hiv_aids/docs/BeDeGe_BP_total2.pdf

de Beyer, Joy et al, Poverty and Tobacco, Tobacco Control 2001; 10: 210-211 (autumn), available on the web at http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/10/3/210

Hay, Simon I. Et al, The Global Distribution and Population at Risk of Malaria: Past, Present and Future, The Lancet, Vol 4, June 2004, pp. 327 – 335.

Kitahata, Mari M. et al 2002, Comprehensive health care for People Infected with HIV in Developing Countries,’ British Medical Journal, Vol. 325 884 – 997.

Lamptey, Peter et al 2002, Facing the HIV/AIDS Pandemic, Population Bulletin, vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3 – 34 (an excellent overview), available on the web http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=Population_Bulletin1&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=6758.

McQueen, David V. et al, Chronic Disease and Injury, in Merson, Michael H. et al, eds., International Public Health, Aspen Publishers, 2002, pp. 293-326

Morrow, Richard H., The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria, in Nelson, K. et al, eds. Chapter 22 in ‘Infectious Disease Epidemiology’, Aspen Publishers, 2001, pp. 675 – 677, 685 (Exhibit 22-1, on Major Paradigms of Transmission), 693 – 695, 701-706.

National Intelligence Council 2002, The Next Wave of HIV/AIDS: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, India, China, document ICA 2002-04 D, September 2002, pp. 4 – 15, available at. http://www.odci.gov/nic/pubs/index.htm.

Over, Mead and Peter Piot, ‘HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases,’ in Jamison, D. T., et al. eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 455 – 507 (a comprehensive overview, but beginning to be outdated).

Piot, Peter et al, A Global Response to AIDS: Lessons Learned, Next Steps, Science 304, 1909 (2004)

Phillips, Margaret A., et al, ‘The Emerging Agenda for Adult Health’, Chapter 6 in Feachem, Richard G. A., et al, eds. The Health of Adults in the Developing World, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 261 – 291.

Rao, Vijayendra and Michael Walton, HIV/AIDS and Culture: Implications for Policy, in Culture and Public Action, Viyendra Rao and Michael Walton, eds., forthcoming.

Shretta, R. et al, Using Evidence to Change Antimalarial Drug Policy in Kenya, Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol.5, No. 11, pp755-764, Nov. 2000. (A practical example of the difficulty of changing drug policy.)

United Nations Joint Program on HIV/IDS (UNAIDS), 2004 UNAIDS Report of the Global AIDS Pandemic, July 2004, executive summary pp. 3- 18, available on the web at http://www.unaids.org/bangkok2004/GAR2004_pdf/GAR2004_Execsumm_en.pdf

World Bank, Confronting AIDS – Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic, A World Bank Policy Research Report, Revised Edition, 1999, Summary, pp. 1-12.

World Bank, Curbing the Epidemic – Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control, Development in Practice Series, 1999, pp.13 – 82.

World Bank, Intensifying Action against HIV/AIDS in Africa – Responding to a Development Crisis, Africa Region, 2000 (available at the Bank’s website, http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/hivaids/afrstratexecsum.htm)

World Bank, World Development Report 1993. Investing in Health, pp. 90 – 96, Environmental influences on health

World Health Organization 2002, Leading the Health Sector Response to AIDS, WHO document WHO/HIV?2002.16 available on the web http://www.who.int/hiv/who_hiv_2002_16.pdf

World Health Organization, Removing Obstacles to Healthy Development, WHO Report on Infectious Diseases, 1999, Document WHP/CDS/99.1 pp. 1-68 (readable summary, available at the WHO website http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/).

World Health Organization, Ministerial Conference on Tuberculosis and Sustainable Development, Amsterdam, March 22-24, 2000, TB Times 2000 (reprints of newspaper articles on WHO Ministerial Conference on TB).

World Health Organization, What is DOTS? – A Guide to Understanding the WHO-recommended TB Control Strategy known as DOTS, WHO, 1999, available on the web http://www.who.int/gtb/publications/whatisdots/.

World Health Organization 2002, World Health Report 2002 – Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, Overview and Chapter 4, available at http://www.who.int/whr/en/

Session 5 (10/12/2004): Taking Stock: What is Health and How is it Measured?

Perceptions of health, illness, and disease.

Measurement of health status – indicators, limitations of measurement

The demographic, epidemiological and health transition.

Required Readings Taking Stock: What is Health and How is it Measured?

Basch, P. F., Textbook of International Health, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1999, Chapter 4, What We Want to Know – Data on Health, pp. 106 – 112 (on the burden of disease)

Bos, Eduard et al, Health, Nutrition and Population Indicators – A Statistical Handbook, Human Development Network, The World Bank, 1999, pp. 5-6 (‘data issues – the role of indicators’

Hyder, Adnan Ali and Richard H. Morrow 2001, ‘Disease Burden Measurement and Trends,’ Chapter 1, pp. 1 –50, in Merson, Michael et al, eds., International Public Health – Disease, Programs, Systems and Policies, Aspen Publishers.

Narayan, Deepa et al, Chapter 5 ‘The Body’ in Crying out for Change: Voices of the Poor, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 89-108 (summary of 20,000 poor people’s perspectives on health and illness in a study carried out for the World Bank’s WDR2000-2001 Attacking Poverty; Chapter 5 is available at the Bank’s website http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/voices/reports/crying/cry5.pdf)

Paalman, Maria et al, A Critical Review of Priority Setting in the Health Sector: The Methodology of the 1993 World Development Report, Health Policy and Planning, 13 (1), 1998 pp. 13-31 (a conceptual critique of WDR93, but without quantitative data; skim article and read Table 1).

World Bank, World Development Report 1993, Investing in Health, pp. 25-32 (on measuring the burden of disease).

World Bank 2002, Health, Nutrition and Population Development Goals – Measuring Progress using the Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework, pp. 31-38 (material on the problems and dilemmas of measuring achievement of development goals).

World Bank Institute, Program on Adapting to Change Technical Note 4C: Tools for Analyzing HNP Behaviors, pp. 83-90 (processed), October 2000, pp. 83 – 90.

Reference materials for Taking Stock: What is Health and How is it Measured?

Abou Zahr C. and J.P. Vaughan, Assessing the Burden of Sexual and Reproductive Ill-Health – Questions regarding the Use of Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000, 28 (5), pp. 655 – 664, available at the WHO website, http://www.who.int/bulletin/tableofcontents/2000/vol.78no.5.html.

Castle, Sarah E. 1994, The (Re)negotiation of Illness Diasnoses and Responsibility for Child Death in Rural Mali, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Vol 8. No. 3, pp. 314- 333.

Feachem, Richard G. A. et al, ‘Changing Patterns of Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa’, in Feachem, Richard G. A. et al, eds. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 3 – 25.

Good, Byron, J., Medicine, Rationality, and Experience – An Anthropological Perspective, Chapter 6, The Representation of Illness, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 135 – 165.

Mosley, W. Henry et al, ‘The Health Transition: Implications for Health Policy in Developing Countries,’ in Jamison, Dean T. et al, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 673-695. [MOVE???]

Murray, Christopher L. J and Alan D. Lopez, The Global Burden of Disease, Vol. 1, WHO, 1996, pp. xiii-xxx (preface, forward and other front material)

Nygaard, Elizabeth, Is it Feasible or Desirable to Measure Burdens of Disease as a Single Number? Reproductive Health Matters, Vol. 8, No. 15, May 2000, pp. 1-24.

World Health Organization, World Health Report 2000: Health Systems - Measuring Performance, Geneva, WHO, pp. 27-30 and Annex Tables 4 and 5 (comparison of DALE and DALY; WHR reports are available at http://www.who.int/whr/).

Session 6 (10/19/2004): Introduction to Health Systems

Elements and structure of health systems

Primary Health Care (PHC) and the PHC debate

The basic package approach to health care

The WHO framework for evaluating health system performance

Required readings for Session 6

Basch, P. F., Textbook of International Health, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 211- 226 (on Primary Health Care; read this second)

Essomba, Rene Owona et al, The Reorientation of Primary Health Care in Cameroon: Rationale, Obstacles and Constraints, Health Policy and Planning 8 (3), Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 232 – 239 (read this after the conceptual material).

Mills, Anne J. and M. Kent Ranson, ‘The Design of Health Systems,’ Merson, Michael H., et al eds. International Public Health, Aspen Publishers, 2001, pp. 515 – 530 (read this first).

McLaughlin, Julie, Designing an Essential Package of Health Services in Zambia, prepared for the World Bank Institute Flagship Course on Health Sector Reform and Sustainable Financing, October 2000, pp. 1-19

Musgrove, Philip, Judging Health Systems: Reflections on WHO’s Methods, The Lancet, Vol. 361, May 24, 2003, pp. 1817 – 1820, available on the web at

http://www.thelancet.com/journal/vol361/iss9371/full/llan.361.9371.editorial_and_review.25793.1

Walsh, Julia A. and Kenneth S. Warren, Selective Primary Health Care: An Interim Strategy for Disease Control in Developing Countries, New England Journal of Medicine 301:967-974, 1979. (This is a classic article with an alternative to PHC.)

World Bank, World Development Report 1993 - Investing in Health:

Chapter 4, Pages 72 – 81, Public Health: Population based services: Immunization, Mass treatment for parasitic worms; Diet and Nutrition.

Chapter 5, Pages 108 - 116 Clinical Services, especially "Selecting and financing the essential clinical package", and Box 5.2, on Integrated Management of the Sick Child. (This is a World Bank alternative to PHC; it is comparable to selective PHC.)

World Health Organization, World Health Report 2000 – Health Systems – Improving Performance, Overview and Chapter 1 and 2, pp. 1-47, available at the WHO website

http://www.who.int/whr2001/2001/archives/2000/en/index.htm (This is a valuable WHO perspective, written in part by staff lent from the World Bank, on the purposes and conceptualization of health systems.)

Reference materials on health systems

Aldana, Jorge M. et al, Client Satisfaction and Quality of Care in Rural Bangladesh, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (6), pp. 512 – 516.

Barnum, Howard and Joseph Kutzin, Public Hospitals in Developing Countries – Research Use, Cost, Financing, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993, pp.1-10, 299-310 .

Berman, Peter, Organization of Ambulatory Care Provision: A Critical Determinant of Health System Performance in Developing Countries, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000; 78(6), pp. 791-802.

Bobadilla, Jose and Peter Crowley 1995, Design and Implementation of a Package of Essential Health Services, Journal of International Development, 7 (3), pp. 543-554.

Dussault, Gilles, Human Resource Development: The Challenge of the Health Sector, Department of Health Administration, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 1998 (processed), pp. i-xvii (executive summary).

Govindaraj, Ramesh, Michael R. Reich, and Jillian C. Cohen, World Bank Pharmaceuticals Discussion Paper, Chapter III – Pharmaceutical Policy in Developing Countries, pp. 8-14, Human Development Network, The World Bank, September 2000 (processed).

Jha, Prabhat et al, The Cost-Effectiveness of Forty Health Interventions in Guinea, Health Policy and Planning 13 (3) pp. 249-262, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Kahsey, Haile Mariam and Peter Oakley, eds. Community Involvement in Health Development – A Review of the Concept and Practice, Public Health in Action No. 5, edited by J.M. Kahsay and P. Oakley, 1999, pp. 1-19, 114-144.

Levitt-Dayal, Marta J., ‘Trained Traditional Birth Attendants and Essential Newborn Care in South Asia’, Chapter 23, pp. 479 – 491, in in Costello, A. and D. Manandhar, eds. 2000 Improving Newborn Infant Health in Developing Countries, London, Imperial College Press.

Mandahar, Dharma, ‘Special Care of Newborns at the District Hospital’, Chapter 20, pp. 427 – 434 in Costello, A. and D. Manandhar, eds. 2000 Improving Newborn Infant Health in Developing Countries, London, Imperial College Press

Martinez, Javier and Tim Martineau, Rethinking Human Resources: An Agenda for the Millennium, Health Policy and Planning 13 (4), 345-358, Oxford University Press, 1998, available on the web http://heapol.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/13/4/345.pdf.

Mayhew, Susannah et al, Pharmacists’ Role in Managing Sexually Transmitted Infections: Policy Issues and Options for Ghana, Health Policy and Planning 16 (2) 152 – 160, Oxford University Press 2001.

Murray, Christopher J.L and Julio Frenk, A Framework for Assessing the Performance of Health Systems, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000, 78(6), pp. 717-728, available at the WHO website, http://www.who.int/bulletin/tableofcontents/2000/vol.78no.6.html.

Prasad, Bindeshwar and Anthony M. de L. Costello 1995, Impact and Sustainability of a ‘Baby Friendly’ Health Education Intervention at a District Hospital in Bihar, India, British Medical Journal, Vol. 310 (March 11), pp. 621-623.

Quick, Jonathan et al, eds., 1997, Managing Drug Supply, 2^nd Edition, , Management Sciences for Health, in collaboration with WHO, pp. 1-24, Introduction.

Smith, Duane L, Primary Health Care: A Look at Its Meaning, World Health Organization, 1982, WHO document VBC/ECV/EC/82.4, pp. 1-7.

Velasquez, German and Pascale Boulet, Essential Drugs in the New International Environment, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1999, pp. 288- 291 (a call by two WHO officials for state intervention in pharmaceutical markets and for involvement of health considerations in World Trade Organization (WTO) debates).

Washington Post, The Body Hunters, investigative journalism articles on drug testing, ethics, and multinational pharmaceuticals enterprises, on Dec. 17-23, 2000, available at the Post’s website http://search1.washingtonpost.com/?_g.k_1=body+hunters&_v.7=92&_u.14=1&_u.1=12&_u.2=17&_u.3=2000&_u.4=12&_u.5=23&_u.6=2000&wp=on&_b.1.x=19&_b.1.y=10.

Wong, Holly and Ricardo Bitran, Definition of a Basic Package of Health Services, from Module 5, Designing a Benefits Package, World Bank Institute Flagship Program on Health Reform and Sustainable Finance, October 2000, pp. 15-39 (processed).

Wong, Holly and Ricardo Bitran, Incorporating Societal Considerations When Defining a Basic Package of Care, from Module 5: Designing a Benefits Package, World Bank Institute Flagship Program on Health Reform and Sustainable Finance, October 2000 pp. 53-60 (processed).

World Bank, Better Health in Africa, pp. 45-109 (chapters on revitalizing health systems, pharmaceuticals, human resources and infrastructure and equipment, available at the Bank’s website http://www.worldbank.org/afr/index/hd.htm).

World Bank, World Development Report 1993 - Investing in Health, pp. 134-148 (short pieces on pharmaceuticals, human resources, and infrastructure and equipment).

World Health Organization 2002, WHO Medicines Strategy: Framework for Action in Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy 2000-2003, WHO document WHO/EDM/2000.1 (excellent background material on essential drugs and WHO policies and strategies), available on the web at http://www.who.int/medicines/strategy/strategy.pdf.

World Health Organization 2000, World Health Report 2000 – Health Systems – Improving Performance, ‘Human Resources are Vital’, pp. 77 – 81, available on the web at : http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/report.htm

World Health Organization 2002,, Human Resources for Health – Developing Policy Options for Change – Discussion Paper (draft), WHO document WHO/EIP/OSD available at www.who.int/health-services-delivery/human/hr.nhs/HRH-policy.pdf

World Health Organization and World Trade Organization 2002, WTO Agreements and Public Health (a good joint study on a very current and controversial issue, by the WTO and WHO, very current) available on the web at http://www.who.int/medicines/strategy/strategy.pdf

Session 7 (10/26/2004) : Households, Health Promotion and Behavior Change

Household production of health

Health, health systems, and culture

Traditional medicine

Health promotion and behavior change interventions and programs as a critical variable in any program for social change and development.

Required Readings on Households, Health Promotion and Behavior Change

Bierlich, Bernhard, Injections and the Fear of Death: An Essay on the Limits of Biomedicine among the Dagomba of Northern Ghana, Social Science and Medicine 50 (2000), pp. 703-712.

Bodeker, Gerard et al, A Regional Task Force on Traditional Medicine and AIDS, The Lancet, Vol. 355, April 8, 2000 pg. 1284 (also available at the World Bank website on Indigenous Knowledge in Sub-Saharan Africa, http://www.worldbank.org/aftdr/ik/default.htm).

Evaluation of the Use of IEC Materials by Clients and Service Providers in West and Central Africa, FHA Project – BCC Program, Abstracts, Vol 1, No. 3, July 2001, 4 pages

HIV/AIDS: Traditional Healers, Community-Self-Assessment, and Empowerment, IK Notes, No. 37, October 2001, World Bank (3 pp), available on the web

Salmen, Lawrence F, ‘Of Course We Communicate,’ Chapter 3 in Listen to the People – Participant-Observer Evaluation of Development Projects, Oxford University Press, 1987, especially pp. 33-54.

Terris, Milton, Concepts of Health Promotion: Dualities in Public Health Theory, Journal of Public Health Policy 1992, pp. 267 – 276 (an excellent introductory summary, reprinted in Health Promotion – An Anthology, Pan American Health Organization Scientific Publication No. 557, 1996).

Tsey, Komla, Traditional Medicine in Contemporary Ghana – a Public Policy Analysis, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 45, No. 7, 1997, pp. 1065-1074.

World Bank, Communication for Behavior Change, 1996, Overview, pp. 1-8, and Best Practices, pp. 1-14, (two documents in the Bank’s ‘Tool for Task Managers’ on Communication for Behavior Change).

World Bank Institute, Program on Adapting to Change Technical Note 4A: Household Behavior, Income, Knowledge and Utilization Patterns, pp. 75-79 (processed), October 2000.

World Health Organization 2002, WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005, pp. 1-18, available at http://www.who.int/medicines/library/trm/trm_strat_eng.pdf

World Health Organization 2002, Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Fact Sheet No. 271 (3 pp), available at http://www.who.int/medicines/organization/trm/orgtrmmain.shtml…..

Reference materials on Households, Health Promotion and Behavior Change

Airhihenbuwa, Collins O. et al, Toward a New Communications Framework for HIV/AIDS, Journal of Health Communication, Vol. 5 (Supplement), pp. 101-111, 2000.

Airhihenbuwa, Collins O., and Rafael Obregon, A Critical Assessment of Theories/Models used in Health Communication for HIV/AIDS, Journal of Health Communication, Vol. 5 (Supplement) pp. 5-15, 2000.

Basch, P. F., Textbook of International Health, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1999, Chapter 6, The Social Context of Illness, Sickness, and Disease, pp. 143 – 178.

Bolam, Alison et al, ‘Does Health Education Improve Newborn Care?’, Chapter 18, pp. 393 – 406, in Costello, A. and D. Manandhar, eds. 2000 Improving Newborn Infant Health in Developing Countries, London, Imperial College Press.

Curtis, Valerie et al, Evidence of Behavior Change following a Hygiene Promotion Program in Burkina Faso, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001 79 (6), pp. 518 – 526.

Family Health International 2002, Behavior Change Communication (BCC) for HIV/AIDS – A Strategic Framework, Arlington, VA (a conceptual framework, supported by USAID).

Naur, Maja, Indigenous Knowledge and HIV/AIDS: Ghana and Zambia, IK Notes No. 30, March 2001, World Bank, available at http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/iknt30.pdf

NGO Networks for Health, The Challenge – Rethinking Behavior Change Interventions in Health, Proceedings and Recommendations of a Behavior Change Forum, April 7-8, 1999, pp. 1-32, published by the Global/Population, Health and Nutrition Center, USAID, 1999, available on the web at http://www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACH034.pdf.

Piotrow, Phyllis T. et al, Strategies for Family Planning Promotion. World Bank Technical Paper 223, 1994.

Rao, Vilayendra and Michael Walton 2002, HIV/AIDS and Culture: Implications for Policy, in ‘Culture and Public Action,’ forthcoming (processed).

Regional Media Approach Promotes Behavior Change, FHA Project – BCC Program, Abstracts, Vol. 1, No. 4, July 2001,

Vaughan, Peter W. et al, Entertainment-Education and HIV/AIDS Prevention: A Field Experiment in Tanzania, Journal of Health Communication, Vol. 5 (Supplement), pp. 81-100, 2000

Tawfik, Youssef et al 2002, Utilizing the Potential of Formal and Informal Private Practitioners in Child Survival: Situation Analysis and Summary of Promising Interventions, pp. 1-29, USAID SARA Project, Academy for Educational Development, available at http://sara.aed.org/publications/child_survival/private_practitioners.pdf

Session 8 (11/2/2004): Health and the Private Sector; Health Sector Reform

Understanding the range of private sector engagement

The strengths and limitations of public-private partnerships

Health sector regulation and reform

Required Readings on Health and the Private Sector; Health Sector Reform

Basch, Paul F., Textbook of International Health, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1999, Chapter 13, ‘Reforming the Health Sector’, pp. 408 - 426.

Bennett, Sara, Barbara McPake, and Anne Mills, The Public-Private Mix Debate in Health Care, in Bennett, Sara, Barbara McPake, and Anne Mills, eds. Private Health Providers in Developing Countries – Serving the Public Interest?, Zed Books, 1997, pp. 1-19.

Bennett, Sara et al, Carrot and Stick: State Mechanisms to Influence Private Provider Behavior, Health Policy and Planning, 9 (1), pp. 1-13, Oxford University Press, 1994.

Berman, Peter and Thomas J. Bossert, A Decade of Health Sector Reform in Developing Countries: What Have We Learned? pp. 1-16, Paper prepared for the USAID-DDM Symposium ‘Appraising a Decade of Health Sector Reform in Developing Countries’, Washington, D.C. March, 2000.

Kumaranayake, Lilani et al, How do Countries Regulate the Health Sector? Evidence from Tanzania and Zimbabwe, Health Policy and Planning 15 (4) pp 357-367, Oxford University Press 2000.

Mills, Anne et al, 2002, What Can Be Done about the Private Sector in Low-Income Countries, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (4), pp. 325 – 329, (this is an excellent, brief, current summary of the issues; unfortunately, it does not contain more than anecdotal empirical evidence, thus demonstrating the importance of research on private provision and financing of health care in developing countries) available at the WHO website as http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2002/bul-4-E-2002/80(4)325-330.pdf

Taylor, Robert et al, Public Hospitals: Options for Reform through Public-Private Hospitals, Viewpoint No. 241 pp. 1-4, available at the World Bank website http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_IBank_Servlet?pcont=details&eid=000094946_02042504020155

Waters, Hugh et al 2002, Working with the Private Sector for Child Health, prepared for the SARA Project of USAID and the Inter-Agency Working Group on Private Participation and Child Health, pp. 1-19 (important for applications of private sector approaches to the public policy goal of improving child health), available at http://wbln0023/Networks/HD/hddocs.nsf/9fdfa192251170fc852568080054ac29/a1c578321e2ef0cb85256c32006b232b/$FILE/Waters-working%20with%20the%20-whole%20text.pdf.

Reference materials on health and the private sector; health sector reform

Benson, John S., The Impact of Privatization on Access in Tanzania, Social Science and Medicine 52 (2110), pp. 1903-1915. (Nicely documented case study by an author critical of World Bank and IMF.)

Berman, Peter, Health Sector Reform: Making Health Development Sustainable, Health Policy, 32 (1995), pp. 13 – 28.

Birdsall, Nancy and Estelle James, Health, Government and the Poor – the Case for the Private Sector, pp. 1-16, World Bank WPS 0958, July 1992, also published in Gribble, James and Samuel Preston, eds. Policy and Planning Implications of the Epidemiological Transition.

Broomberg, Jonathan et al, To Purchase or to Provide? The Relative Efficiency of Contracting Out versus Direct Public Provision of Hospital Services in South Africa, in Bennett, Sara, Barbara McPake, and Anne Mills, eds. ‘Private Health Providers in Developing Countries – Serving the Public Interest?’, Zed Books, 1997, pp 214-234,

Brudha, Ruairi and Anthony Zwi 2002, Global Approaches to Private Sector Provision: Where is the Evidence?, pp. 63-77, in Lee, Kelley et al, eds, ‘Health Policy in a Globalizing World’, Cambridge University Press

Gelston, Sally, Just What the Doctor Ordered - Prescriptions for Private Health Care in Developing Countries, International Finance Corporation, 1998, 3 pp., available on the IFC website site at ‘http://www.ifc.org/ifc/publications/pubs/impact/impsp99/s9doctor/s9doctor.html‘.

Gilson, Lucy et al, Should African Governments Contract out Clinical Services to Church Providers?, in Bennett, Sara, Barbara McPake, and Anne Mills, eds. Private Health Providers in Developing Countries – Serving the Public Interest?, Zed Books, 1997, pp. 276-302.

Hanson, Kara et al, Private Health Care Provision in Developing Countries : a Preliminary Analysis of Levels and Composition, Health Policy and Planning, 13 (3), pp. 195-211, Oxford University Press 1998.

Institute for Health Sector Development (IHSD), Making the Most of the Private Sector, Report to Department for International Development (DFID) on a Workshop Organized May 11 and 12, 2000, presented by the IHSD and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (processed), pp. 1-24.

Kumaranayake, Lilani, The Role of Regulation: Influence Private Sector Activity within Health Sector Reform, Journal of International Development, No. 9, No. 4 (pp 641 – 649, 1997.

McPake, Barbara, and Joseph Kutzin, Methods for Evaluating the Effects of Health Reforms, WHO document WHO/ARA/CC/97.3, pp. 1-16.

McPake, Barbara and Elias E. Ngalende Banda, Contracting Out of Health Services in Developing Countries, Health Policy and Planning, 9 (1), pp. 25-30.

Merrick, Thomas, Delivering Reproductive Health Services in Health Reform Settings: Challenges and Opportunities, World Bank Institute, September 2000 (processed), pp. 1-13.

Mills, Anne, Contractual Relationships between Government and the Commercial Private Sector in Developing Countries, in Bennett, Sara, Barbara McPake, and Anne Mills, eds. Private Health Providers in Developing Countries – Serving the Public Interest?, Zed Books, 1997, pp. 189-213.

Obuobi, Alfred A.D. et al, Private Health Care Provision in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, Small Applied Research 8, Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates, Bethesda, MD. July 1999, pp 1-38, (an empirical study showing what actually exists, to help get beyond rhetoric to practice).

Peters, David H. et al 2002, Better Health Systems for India’s Poor, Overview, pp. 1-32, World Bank, Human Development Network, Population, Health and Nutrition Series (outstanding study with empirical data showing importance of the private sector in health in India, and needed reforms), available on the web http://www1.worldbank.org/publications/pdfs/15029overview.pdf

Saade, Camille et al 2001, The Story of a Successful Public-Private Partnership in Central America: Handwashing for Diarrheal Disease Prevention, pp. xi – xvi (executive summary) and pp. 35 – 65 (Chapters 6-8). Published by the Basic Support for Child Survival Project (BASICS II), the Environmental Health Project, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United States Agency for International Development, and the World Bank (nice, practical, empirical study).

Shretta, R. et al, A Political Analysis of Corporate Drug Donations: The Example of Malarone in Kenya, Health Policy and Planning 16 (2) pp.161-170, Oxford University Press 2001 (very interesting on public-private partnerships).

Session 9 (11/9/2004): The Cost of Health and Health Care

Introduction to economic perspectives on health issues

The significance of cost and costing health care

What is being spent now on health in developing countries?

Health care markets in developing countries

The problem of prioritization: How to do it?

Required Readings on the Cost of Health and Health Care

Bitran, Ricardo, Targeting Public Subsidies for Health, Module 4, World Bank Institute Flagship Course on Health Sector Reform and Sustainable Financing, pp. 1-17, October 2000 (an excellent summary of basic principles of economics of public sector engagement in health).

Hsiao, William C., Abnormal Economics in the Health Sector, Health Policy 32 (1995), pp. 125-139.

Mills, Anne J. and M. Kent Ranson, ‘The Design of Health Systems,’ Merson, Michael H., International Public Health, Aspen Publishers, 2001, pp. 538 – 540 (on national health accounts).

Musgrove, Philip, Public Spending on Health Care: How are Different Criteria Related? Health Policy 47 (1999), pp. 207-223) (An excellent and widely cited conceptual statement of the linkages, and practical approaches to the problem of prioritization; it does not require sophisticated understanding of economics.)

National Health Accounts: NHA Global Policy Brief, 4 pp, PHRPlus Project for USAID, 2002, available at http://www.phrproject.com/publicat/si/download/Global_NHA_Brochure.pdf

World Bank, World Development Report 1993, Investing in Health, pp. 52-64 (rationale for government action, and value for money in health).

World Bank, Better Health in Africa, 1994, pp. 128-155 (cost of a basic package of care in Africa).

World Health Organization, World Health Report 2001, Annex Table 5 (national health accounts indicators data for 1997 and 1998), available on the web http://www.who.int/whr2001/2001/main/en/annex/annex5.htm (choose Excel)

Yazbeck, S. A. March 2002, ‘An Idiot's Guide to Prioritization in the Health Sector’, World Bank HNP Discussion Papers, pp 1-22, available at

http://www1.worldbank.org/hnp/HNP%20Pubs%20-%20Discussion/Yazbeck%20-%20An%20Idiot's%20Guide-whole.pdf (a very readable and often humorous review of how the problem of prioritization was handled in a partnership of Bangladesh and the World Bank)

Reference materials on the Cost of Health and Health Care

Bennett, Sara, Health Care Markets: Defining Characteristics, in Bennett, Sara, Barbara McPake, and Anne Mills, eds., Private Health Providers in Developing Countries – Serving the Public Interest? Zed Books, 1997, pp. 85-101.

Levin, Ann et al, Costs of Maternal Health Care Services in Three Anglophone African Countries, Special Initiatives Report 22, Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates, Bethesda, MD. 2000, pp. 21 –50 (read for overall approach to costing and its policy implications, rather than details of the cost of individual maternal health care services)

Peters, David H. et al, Health Expenditures, Services and Outcomes in Africa – Basic Data and Cross-National Comparisons, 1990 – 1996, The World Bank, Human Development Network, 1999 (a useful data compilation for the briefing note/aide-memoire exercise, available on the Bank’s website http://www.worldbank.org/afr/pubs/).

Preker, Alexander H. and April Harding 2000, The Economics of Private Participation in Health Care: New Insights from Institutional Economics, World Bank Working Paper 21875.available at the World Bank website http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_IBank_Servlet?pcont=details&eid=000094946_0103200658248

Session 10 (11/16/2004): Presentation and Discussion of draft NGO Project Proposals

Required Reading for Session on Presentation and Discussion of Project Proposals

Edwards, Michael, NGO Performance – What Breeds Success? New Evidence from South Asia, World Development, Vol. 27, NO. 2, pp. 361-374, 1999.

Lorgen, Christy Cannon, Dancing with the State: The Role of NGOs in Health Care and Health Policy, Journal of International Development, 10, pp. 323-339, 1998 (a review by an Oxfam participant of the complexities of northern NGO involvement in operational projects in southern countries).

Reference material for Session on Presentation and Discussion of Project Proposals

Edwards, Michael and David Hulme, Too Close for Comfort? The Impact of Official Aid on Nongovernmental Organizations, World Development, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 961-973, 1996.

Session 11 (11/23/2004): Financing and Paying for Health Care

The range of health care financing systems in developing countries

The importance of provider payment methods

Understanding incentive effects

Community financing

Required Readings on Financing and Paying for Health Care

Bitran, Ricardo and Winnie C. Yip, A Review of Health Care Provider Payment Reform in Selected Countries in Asia and Latin America, Major Applied Research 2, working paper 1, Partnerships for Health Reform, Bethesda, MD, Abt Associates, August 1998, pp. 1-2, pp. 15-24 (background on Latin American countries).

Eichler, Rena et al, Performance-Based Reimbursement to Improve Impact: Evidence from Haiti, USAID, LAC Health Reform Initiative, 2000, pp. 1 – 17 (excellent empirical article on the impact of provider payment methods and possibilities for policy intervention).

Ensor, Tim and Larisa Savelyeva 1998, Informal Payments for Health Care in the former Soviet Union: Some Evidence from Kasakstan, Health Policy and Planning, 13 (1), 41-49.

Gilson, Lucy et al September 2000, The Dynamics of Policy Change: Lessons from Health Financing Reform in South Africa and Zambia, Major Applied Research 1 Technical Paper No. 3, Bethesda, MD: Partnerships for Health Reform Project [of USAID], Abt Associates, Inc., read Executive Summary, pp. xiii – xvii.

Musau, Stephen N., Community-Based Health Insurance: Experiences and Lessons Learned from East and Southern Africa, Technical Report No. 34, Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates, Bethesda, MD, 1999, pp. xi – xiv, 25 – 27 (executive summary of an empirical investigation showing the strengths, weaknesses, and potential of selected insurance schemes).

Preker AS, G Carrin, D Dror, M Jakab, W Hsiao and D Arhin-Tenkorang.  February 2002.  ‘Effectiveness of Community Health Financing in Meeting the Cost of Illness’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization. February 2002. 8 (2) (143-150), (an excellent summary of new ideas and developments), available at.  http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2002/bul-2-E-2002/80(2)143-150.pdf

Robinson, Shirley 1998, Public Expenditure and Children: First Call: The South African Children’s Budget, paper presented at the macroeconomic policies and children’s rights conference, Bangkok Thailand, 18-22 May 1998, Idasa (processed) (an alternative way of looking at budget issues, across sectors and institutions)

Schieber, George J. and Akiko Maeda, ‘A Curmedgeon’s Guide to Financing Health Care in Developing Countries,’ Schieber, George J., ed., Innovations in Health Care Financing – Proceedings of a World Bank Conference, March 10-11, 1997, World Bank Discussion Paper 365, pp. 1-36 (a good overview, read this first).

UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children, 1993, pg. 52, (boxed essay on the Bamako Initiative) (an important initiative of UNICEF on cost-sharing).

World Health Organization 2000, World Health Report 2000 – Health Systems – Improving Performance, ‘Chapter 5 – Who Pays for Health System?’ pp. 93-113 (a good non-technical, policy-oriented overview, from a WHO perspective) available on the web at: http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/report.htm

Reference materials on Financing and Paying for Health Care

Asenso-Okyere, W.K. et al, Cost Recovery in Ghana: Are There Any Changes in Health Care Seeking Behavior?’ Health Policy and Planning, 13(2), 1988, pp. 181-188.

Barnum, Howard, J. Kutzin and H. Saxenian, Incentives and Provider Payment Methods, International Journal of Health Planning and Management Vol.10, 1995, pp. 23 - 45.

Hsiao W. C. September 2001. Unmet Health Needs of two billion: Is Community Financing a Solution? World Bank HNP Discussion Paper, available at http://www1.worldbank.org/hnp/HNP%20Pubs%20-%20Discussion/Hsiao-Unmet%20Needs-whole.pdf

Hsiao, William C., Getting Health Reform Right, Chap 6 Financing, pp. 93-117, Harvard University and World Bank Institute, October 2000, (preliminary, processed

Maceira, Daniel, Provider Payment Mechanisms in Health Care: Incentives, Outcomes, and Organizational Impact in Developing Countries, Major Applied Research 2, Working Paper 2, Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates, Bethesda, MD., August 1998.

Mills, Anne J. and M. Kent Ranson, ‘The Design of Health Systems,’ Merson, Michael H., International Public Health, Aspen Publishers, 2001, pp. 530 – 545 (on public, private and mixed financing, and resource allocation, purchasing and payment).

Ensor, Tim and Sophie Witter 1001, Health Economics in Low Income Countries: Adapting to the Reality of the Unofficial Economy, Health Policy 57 (2001), pp. 1- 13.

Shaw, R. Paul and Charles C. Griffin, Financing Health Care in Sub-Saharan Africa through User Fees and Insurance, Directions in Development Series, The World Bank, 1995.

World Bank, Better Health in Africa, 1994, pp. 155 – 170.

Session 12 (11/30/2004): Health in Macroeconomic Context; Health Equity and the Poor

Health in macroeconomic context; economic reform and health

Health equity and poverty; benefit incidence analysis

Health and debt relief

Required Readings on Health in Macroeconomic Context; Health Equity; Debt Relief

Castro-Leal, F., J. Dayton, L. Demery, and K. Mehra, Public Spending on Health Care in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 78, No. 1, 2000, pp. 66 -.75 (noteworthy as an example of benefit incidence analysis), available on the web http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue1/bu0201.pdf.

Claeson, Mariam et al 2001, Poverty Reduction Strategy Sourcebook – Health, Nutrition, and Population Chapter, draft for comment, June 2001, The World Bank, Boxes 3 and 4, pp. 8 and 18, available on the web at http://poverty.worldbank.org/files/4978_Hlth0627.pdf).

Colgan, Ann-Louise, Hazardous to Health: The World Bank and IMF in Africa – Africa Action Position Paper, April 2002, pp. 1-12, available on the web at http://www.africaaction.org/action/sap/0204.htm (strongly critical of the World Bank)

Cornia, G.A, R. Jolly, and F. Stewart, eds, Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987, Chapter 16, pp. 287 - 297 (a classic, if outdated, critique of structural adjustment from a social perspective, by UNICEF authors).

Feachem, Richard, G. A., Poverty and Inequity: a Proper Focus for the New Century, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 78, No. 1, 200), pp. 1-3 (a good introduction and point of departure for the other readings on health equity, available at the WHO website http://www.who.int/bulletin/tableofcontents/2000/vol.78no.1.html).

Greenhill, Romily and Sasha Blackmore 2002, Relief Works: African Proposals for Debt Cancellation – and Why Debt Relief Works, A Report from Jubilee Research at the New Economics Foundation, (read at least the Executive Summary) available on the web at http://www.jubilee2000uk.org/analysis/reports/reliefworks.pdf

Gwatkin, Davidson, Health Inequalities and the Health of the Poor, Bulletin of the World Health Organization Vol. 78, No. 1, 2000, pp. 3-19 (important brief overview of equity issues, study especially Table 2) available at the WHO website http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue1/bu0287.pdf

Makinen, Marty et al 2000, Inequalities in Health Care Use and Expenditures: Empirical Data from Eight Developing Countries and Countries in Transition, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78 (1) (note that this is a Theme Edition of the WHO Bulletin, on inequalities, for those who wish to pursue the issue), pp. 55 – 65, available at the WHO website at http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue1/bu0267.pdf

World Bank, Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) documentation and country cases (students will be expected to brief themselves on the HIPC debt relief Initiative, and to read at least the health sections of one country case; start from the Bank’s HIPC website http://www.worldbank.org/hipc/)

Tan, Jee-Peng et al, 2000, Enhancing Human Development in the HIPC/PRSP Context : Progress in the Africa Region during 2000, pp 1-23, 29-43, Departmental Working Paper 22206 (an excellent analytic overview) available at the World Bank website

http://www.worldbank.org/afr/hd/wps/hipc_prsp.pdf

World Health Organization 2001, Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development – Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, pp. 1-20 (Executive summary of a widely quoted initiative of the Director-General of the World Health Organization), available at the WHO website http://www3.who.int/whosis/cmh/cmh_report/e/pdf/001-020.pdf

Reference materials on Health in Macroeconomic Context, Health Equity and the Poor

Benson, John S., The Impact of Privatization on Access in Tanzania, Social Science and Medicine 52 (2001), pp. 1903-1915 (critical of structural adjustment)

Claeson, Mariam et al 2001, Poverty Reduction Strategy Sourcebook –Health, Nutrition, and Population Chapter, draft for comment, June 2001, The World Bank, available on the web at http://poverty.worldbank.org/files/4978_Hlth0627.pdf

Challenging Inequities in Health: From Ethics to Action; A Summary, edited by Timothy Evans et al, 2001, The Rockefeller Foundation and Swedish International Development Agency.

Garenne, Michel and Eneas Gakusi 2000, Health Effects of Structural Adjustment Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, French Center for Population and Development Studies, Paris, revised draft, Nov. 3, 2000 (processed) (very interesting analysis by a French demographer – strongly recommended for those interested in the topic).

Gwatkin, Davidson, Reducing Health Inequalities in Developing Countries, Oxford Textbook of Public Health, 4^th Edition, Vol. 3, pp. 1791 - 1810 (a thorough, current, and fairly technical and quantitative but readable overview of the evolution of thinking and of various measures and dimensions of health equity and equality in developing countries. )

Inter-Church Coalition on Africa, Beyond Adjustment: Responding to the Health Crisis in Africa, Toronto, Canada, 1993 (somewhat old; strongly critical of the World Bank)

Loewenson, Rene, Structural Adjustment and Health Policy in Africa, International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1993 pp. 717-730 (critical of the World Bank; beginning to be outdated)

Makinen, Marty, Hugh Waters, and Margie Rauch, Conventional Wisdom and Empirical Data on Inequalities in Morbidity, Use of Services, and Health Expenditures, Major Applied Research 3, Technical Report No. 1., Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates, Bethesda, MD, 1999 (a readable, quantitative but consciously analytically unsophisticated comparative analysis of data on eight developing countries and countries in transition)

Peabody, John W., Economic Reform and Health Sector Policy: Lessons from Structural Adjustment Programs, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 5, 1996, pp. 823 – 835 (a balanced, largely conceptual critique of the Bretton Woods Institutions’ approach to structural adjustment, from a health perspective)

Ruger, Jennifer P. et al, Health and the Economy, pp. 617-640, in Merson, Michael H, et al, eds. International Public Health, Aspen Publications, 2000

Serageldin, Ismail, A. Edward Elmendorf and Eltigani Eltigani, Structural Adjustment and Health in Africa in the 1980s, Research in Human Capital and Development, 1994, pp. 131-195 (quantitative but not econometric early – and therefore beginning to be outdated - empirically based alternative to the critical perspectives from UNICEF and other observers)

Soucat, Agnes and Abdo Yazbeck, Rapid Guidelines for integrating Health, Nutrition, and Population issues in Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers of Low-Income countries, Africa Region, The World Bank, October 2000 (processed)

Turshen, Meredeth, Privatizing Health Services in Africa, Rutgers University Press, 1999, pp. 1-23, 114-133 (strongly critical of the World Bank)

World Bank, Adjustment in Africa – Reform, Results, and the Road Ahead, A World Bank Policy Research Report, 1994, pp. 1 - 43, 181 – 220 (a review by the World Bank’s policy research staff on the contents and results of macroeconomic adjustment and reform programs)

Victora, Cesar G. Et al 2001, The Impact of Health Interventions on Inequalities: Infant and Child Health in Brazil, in ‘Poverty, Inequality, and Health – an International Perspective,’ David A. Leon and Gill Walt, eds, Oxford University Press, 2001

Wagstaff, Adam 2002, Poverty and Health Sector Inequalities, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (2), available at the WHO website http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2002/bul-2-E-2002/80(2)97-105.pdf

Wagstaff, Adam 2000, Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Mortality: Comparisons across Nine Developing Countries, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000, 78 (1), pp. 19 – 28 (technical econometric analysis, available on the web http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue1/bu0202.pdf).

World Bank, Burkina Fas The Health System and the Poor, informal working paper, 2001, processed (a good example of the way comprehensive data collection and analysis can be brought to bear on the use of World Bank instruments for promotion of pro-poor outcomes; also, a useful example in connection with the SAIS health class aide-memoire exercise).

Session 13 – 12/07/2004: Looking to the Future

Political analysis and perspectives on health in developing countries

The changing landscape of international health; international versus global health

Present and potential modalities for health cooperation between developing countries and their external partners

Required Readings for Looking to the Future

Asamoa-Baah, A. and P. Smithson, Donors and the Ministry of Health: New Partnerships for Ghana, WHO, Forum on Health Sector Reform, Discussion paper No. 8, 1999, pp 1-25, WHO document WHO/EOI/99.1 (a good overview by a key developing country player, with his perspectives and experience on changing modalities for partnerships with donors).

Cassels, A., Better Health in Developing Countries: Are Sector-Wide Approaches the Way of the Future? The Lancet, November 28, 1998, pp 1-6 (an overview of key concepts for changing cooperation between donors and developing countries in the health sector).

Global Fund, Update on the Global Fund, to Fight AIDS, Tuberculos, and Malaria, Geneva, November 2002 (powerpoint slides, with an excellent overview of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria - GFATM).

Kickbusch, Ilona and Kent Buse, Global Influences and Global Responses - International Health at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, in Merson, Michael H. et al, eds. International Public Health, Aspen Publishers 2001, pp. 701-733 (looking ahead by a former WHO official and by an astute independent observer).

Kumar, Yogesh, Nabarun Roy Chaudhury, and Navin Vasudev, Stakeholder Analysis: The Women’s and Children’s Health Project in India, Technical Report No. 13, Partnerships for Health Reform Project, Abt Associates, Bethesda, MD, 1997, pp. ix – xix, 1 – 9, 61 – 63, 89 – 99 (a detailed example, which can be read as a possible model for much-needed stakeholder analyses of publicly sponsored health projects).

McLaughlin, Julie, The Evolution of the Sector-Wide Approach and Explaining How SWAps and Reform Initiatives are Related, World Bank Institute, 2000, (processed, an overview by a key World Bank participant in the development of new modalities for cooperation between donors and developing countries in the health sector).

Reich, Michael R., Applied Political Analysis for Health Policy Reform, Current Issues in Public Health, 1996, 2: 186-191 (introduction to a tool for political analysis of health reform developed by the author; material on Reich’s tool is also available on the web).

Walt, Gill, Global Cooperation in International Public Health, in Merson, Michael G, et al, eds. International Public Health, Aspen Publishers, 2001, pp. 667-697 (a perceptive view of global as distinct from country-specific cooperation for health improvement).

Reference materials for Looking to the Future

Batson, Amie and Martha Ainsworth, Private Investment in AIDS Vaccine Development: Obstacles and Solutions, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (8), pp. 721-726.

Basch, P. F., Textbook of International Health, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1999, Chapter 15, The Practice of International Health, pp. 493 – 505 (on research and research ethics and cooperation).

Buse, Kent and Gill Walt, Role Conflict? The World Bank and the World’s Health, Social Science and Medicine 50 (2000), pp. 177- 179 (a balanced, brief, critical review of the World Bank’s role, which may exaggerate its importance and influence).

Buse, Kent et al 2002, Globalization and Health Policy: Trends and Opportunities, pp. 251-280, in Lee, Kelley et al, eds. ‘Health Policy in a Globalizing World’, Cambridge University Press.

Cassels, Andrew, A Guide to Sector-Wide Approaches for Health Development – Concepts, Issues, and Working Arrangements, World Health Organization, document WHO/ARA/97.12, 1997 (this is the key publication defining new modalities for donor-recipient cooperation in the health sector, published as a brochure by WHO, DANIDA, DFID, and the European Commission; the front material provides a useful summary at pp. v - xx).

Commission on Health Research for Development, Health Research – Essential Link to Equity in Development, Oxford University Press, 1990 (this is the fairly short and readable report of a distinguished Commission which called for a considerable increase in international support for health research with an orientation towards equity and operational research rather than basic bio-medical research).

Costello, Anthony and Alimuddin Zumla 2000, Moving to Research Partnerships in Developing Countries, British Medical Journal, V. 321 (30 September), pp. 827-829.

Denny, Charlotte, Famine in Africa, Guardian Newspaper Special Supplement, Nov. 30,2002, pg. 2 (British newspaper article critical of IMF and WB)

Foster, Mick et al, Sector-Wide Approaches for Health Development – A Review of Experience, WHO document WHO/GPE/00.1, June 2000 (see also the country case studies, such as for example Brown, Adrienne, Current Issues in Sector-Wide Approaches for Health Development – Mozambique case study, Document WHO/GPE/00.4).

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI), The Vaccine Fund, available at the GAVI website http://www.vaccinealliance.org/home/Resources_Documents/Vaccine_Fund/index.php

Global Forum for Health Research, The 10/90 Report on Health Research 2003-2004: Helping Correct the 10/90 Gap, Executive Summary pp. xiii – xxvi (future directions for health research), available at http://www.globalforumhealth.org/pages/index.asp

Halstead, Scott B., Julia A. Walsh, and Kenneth S. Warren, eds. Good Health at Low Cost, Conference Report, The Rockefeller Foundation, 1985, Remarks and Summary Statement, pp. 229 - 248 (overview of a classic publication).

International Organizing Committee 2001, Report of the International Conference on Health Research for Development, Bangkok, 10-13 October 2000, available at http://www.conference2000.ch/pdf/conference_report.pdf

Laurell, Asa Cristina and Olivia Lopez Arellano, Market Commodities and Poor Relief: The World Bank Proposal for Health, International Journal of Health Services Vol. 26, No. 1, 1996, pp. 1-18 (a strongly critical but somewhat outdated appraisal of World Bank views in WDR93).

National Intelligence Council, The Global Infectious Disease Burden and its Implications for the United States, National Intelligence Estimate 99-17D, January 2000 (this is the sanitized, published version of an assessment by the US Government intelligence community, with material on why the US should be concerned about health internationally).

Peters, David and Shiyan Chao, The Sector-Wide Approach in Health: What is it? Where is it Heading? International Journal of Health Planning and Management 13, pp. 177- 190, (1998) (a good summary of the advantages and problems of the SWAp approach to development assistance in health, by two World Bank practitioners, based on concepts but illustrated with country examples from Africa).

Sommers, Todd, The Global Fund to Combat AIDS, TB and Malaria – Challenges and Opportunities, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington, D.C. 2002, available at the CSIS website http://www.vaccinealliance.org/home/Resources_Documents/Vaccine_Fund/index.php

UNICEF, Convention on the Rights of the Child http://www.unicef.org/crc/. (This UNICEF website shows how the treaty was created, illustrates the UNICEF child rights approach, discusses what it means for children, provides answers to questions, and contains the full text of the treaty; the text of the treaty is well worth skimming; the discussion of policy issues and related material well illustrate UNICEF’s child rights approach to development programming.)

World Bank, World Development Report 1993, Investing in Health, pp. 148 - 155 (on health research nationally and internationally).

WHO Bulletin, News, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002, 80 (7), Letters on the Global Fund and HIV/AIDS, available at the WHO website http://www.who.int/bulletin/pdf/2002/bul-7-E-2002/80(7)606-609.pdf

General Reference List and Data Sources

Basch, P. F., Textbook of International Health, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1999

Detels, Roger et al 2002, Oxford Textbook of Public Health, 4^th Edition, Oxford University Press (The textbook is divided into three volumes. The first volume presents the scope of public health, the second presents the methodologies and strategies and the third presents the practice of public health. The fourth edition has expanded the scope to include issues in developing countries. The book is a comprehensive reference source for graduate students.)

Feachem, Richard G. A., and Dean T. Jamison, eds. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, Oxford University Press, 1991 (an excellent compilation of authored technical but quite readable chapters, though gradually becoming out of date).

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria, materials available at its website http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/

Global Fund Observer (GFO) Newsletter, available at www.aidpan.org (The GFO Newsletter is a service of Aidspan, an independent NGO that promotes support for, and effectiveness of the Global Fund.)

Jamison, Dean T., et al, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Oxford Medical Publications, 1993 (an excellent but highly technical reference source, globally and on individual diseases, with a strongly economic orientation; an expanded, updated edition is in preparation).

Koop, C. Everett et al, eds. Critical Issues in Global Health, Jossey-Bass Press, 2001 (brief and readable but not very quantitative essays by well-known authors, including a foreword by former President Jimmy Carter).

Merson, Michael H, et al, eds. International Public Health, Aspen Publications, 2000 (an excellent text of current readings with a public health bias and relatively less economic focus than Jamison et al).

Murray, Christopher L. J. and Alan D. Lopez, eds. The Global Burden of Disease – A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020, World Health Organization, 1996 (excellent reference source, very technical and quantitative).

Murray, Christopher L. J. and Alan D. Lopez, eds. Global Health Statistics – A Compendium of Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality Estimates from over 200 Conditions, World Health Organization, 1996 (excellent reference source).

Sachs, Jeffrey 2001, Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development, Report of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health World Health Organization (this is the report on a key initiative of the most recent prior Director-General of WHO, available on the web, with background papers, at http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=whosis,cmh&language=english)

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) State of the World’s Children, various years (standard reference on UNICEF, available at the UNICEF website www.unicef.org).

United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Human Development Report, various years (good data sets and insights into UN perspectives on development issues, relatively less information on health, available at the UNDP website http://www.undp.org/hdro/).

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), World Population Reports, various years (standard reference on UNFPA, available at the UNFPA website www.unfpa.org).

USAID, materials available through its health website http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/, with particular reference to maternal and child health on which USAID has rich experience

World Bank, World Development Report (WDR), various years (especially WDR93, Investing in Health, WDR 2000-2001, Attacking Poverty, and WDR 2003 – Making Services Work for the Poor).

World Bank, Better Health in Africa, 1994 (readable but beginning to be outdated quantitatively though not in its messages; available on the Bank’s website http://www.worldbank.org/afr/index/hd.htm).

World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Strategy, 1997 (a key publication for understanding World Bank health strategy, available on the Bank’s website; also, there are many other more recent publications and documents available at the Bank’s HNP website http://www1.worldbank.org/hnp/).

World Bank, World Development Indicators, published annually.

World Health Organization, World Health Report (WHR), (especially WHR 1999, Making a Difference, and WHR 2000, Health Systems: Improving Performance, both available on the WHO website; the WHO website is also an excellent source for technical material on diseases; see also the WHO Bulletin, available from this website, which has country empirical studies as well as policy-oriented material, not exclusively from WHO authors).