Francis Fukuyama | Publications

Articles, Book Chapters, and Papers

"Development Strategies:  Integrating Governance and Growth," World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5196.

 “Transitions to the Rule of Law,” Journal of Democracy 21, no. 1 (Jan. 2010).

 “What Were They Thinking,” with Seth Colby, The American Interest 5, no. 1 (Sept.-Oct. 2009).

 “Reconceptualizing Democracies and Empowering Them to Deliver,” in Alexander T. J. Lennon, ed., Democracy in U.S. Security Strategy:  From Promotion to Support (Washington, DC: CSIS, 2009).

"International Institutional Transfer," in Kenneth A. Reinert and Ramkishen S. Rajan, eds., The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy (Princeton University Press, 2009). 

"State-Building in Solomon Islands," Pacific Economic Bulletin 23 (No. 3, 2008).

"The Latin American Experience," Journal of Democracy (October 2008).

"Soft Talk, Big Stick" in Melvyn Leffler and Jeffrey Legro, eds., To Lead the World: American Strategy after the Bush Doctrine (New York:  Oxford University Press, 2008).

"State-Building in the Solomon Islands" (July 2008).

"Governance Reform in Papua New Guinea" (September 2007).

"Observations on State-Building in the Western Pacific" (March 2007).

“Development and the Limits of Institutional Design,” in Natalia Dinello and Vladimir Popov, eds., Political Institutions and Development:  Failed Expectations and Renewed Hopes (Cheltenham, UK:  Edward Elgar, 2007). 

"A Quiet Revolution" (review essay of Michael Reid, Forgotten Continent: The Battle for Latin America's Soul), Foreign Affairs (Nov.-Dec. 2007). 

“A Proposal for Modernizing the Regulation of Human Biotechnologies” (with Franco Furger), Hastings Center Report 37 (no. 7, July-August 2007).

"Liberalism versus State-Building," Journal of Democracy 18 (No. 3, July 2007).

Should Democracy be Promoted or Demoted? (with Michael McFaul, The Stanley Foundation, June 2007).  Published also as "Should Democracy be Promoted or Demoted?" Washington Quarterly 31(1), 2007: 23-45.

Forward to Eduardo Lora, ed., The State of State Reform in Latin America (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press/IDB, 2007).

Presentation to the panel "The Clash of Cultures and American Hegemony," American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Sept. 1, 2006.

"Identity, Immigration, and Liberal Democracy" (the 2005 Seymour Martin Lipset Lecture), Journal of Democracy, April 2006.

Forward to the new paperback edition of Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven:  Yale University Press, 2006).

"Development and the Limits of Institutional Design," paper presented to the annual conference of the Global Development Network, St. Petersburg, Jan. 20, 2006.

Symposium Response: "The Sources of American Conduct," The American Interest, vol. 1, no. 1, fall 2005. 

“Still Disenchanted?  The Modernity of Postindustrial Capitalism,” in Victor Nee and Richard Swedberg, eds., The Economic Sociology of Capitalism (Princeton:  Princeton University Press, 2005).

“Fighting the War on Terrorism,” in Norton Garfinkle and Daniel Yankelovich, eds., Uniting America:  Restoring the Vital Center to American Democracy (New Haven:  Yale University Press, 2005).

"Human Biomedicine and the Problem of Governance," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48 (no. 2, Spring 2005).

“Facing the Perils of Presidentialism?” (with Björn Dressel and Boo-Seung Chang) Journal of Democracy 16 (no. 2, April 2005).

 “Economic, Political, and Cultural Consequences of Changes in Generational Relations,” in Mary Ann Glendon, ed., Intergenerational Solidarity, Welfare and Human Ecology (Vatican City:  Proceedings of the Tenth Plenary Session of the Pontifical Academy of the Social Science, 2005).

"Stateness' First," Journal of Democracy (vol. 16, no. 1, 2005).

"How Academia Failed the Nation:  The Decline of Regional Studies," SAISphere (Winter 2004). 

"Re-Envisioning Asia," Foreign Affairs, (vol. 84, no. 1, Jan-Feb. 2005). 

“Why There is No Science of Public Administration,” Journal of International Affairs 58, no. 1 (Fall 2004). 

"Does 'the West' Still Exist?" in Tod Lindberg, ed., Beyond Paradise and Power:  Europe, America, and the Future of a Troubled Partnership (New York:  Routledge, 2004). 

"Transhumanism," Foreign Policy (September-October 2004).

"The Neoconservative Moment," The National Interest (no. 76, Summer 2004).

"The Imperative of State-Building," Journal of Democracy 15 no. 2, April 2004.

“Nation-Building 101,” The Atlantic Monthly 293 (Jan.-Feb. 2004). 

"Has History Restarted Since September 11? (The Nineteenth Annual John Bonython Lecture)," Centre for Independent Studies Occasional Paper no. 81, August 2002.

"Social Capital and Development:  The Coming Agenda," SAIS Review 21, (Winter-Spring 2002).

"Can Any Good Come of Radical Islam?" (with N. Samin), Commentary 114 (Sept.-Oct. 2002).

“Holes in Our Gene Policy,” Bloomberg Personal Finance (Sept. 2002). 

"In Defense of Nature, Human and Non-Human," World Watch Magazine  (July-August 2002): 30-32.

“The Ground and Nature of Human Rights”(with William Schulz and Robin Fox),  The National Interest no. 68 (Summer 2002). 

"Gene Regime," Foreign Policy  (March-April 2002).

“Life, but Not as We Know It,” New Scientist (April 20, 2002). 

“How to Regulate Science,” The Public Interest, no. 146 (Winter 2002).

“Culture and Economic Development,” in N. J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, eds., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Oxford:  Pergamon, 2001).

“The Limits of Liberal Democracy,” in Joel Krieger, ed., The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford University Press, 2001).

“Differing Disciplinary Perspectives on the Origins of Trust,” Boston University Law Review 81 (No. 3, June 2001).

“Natural Rights and Human History,” The National Interest no. 64 (Summer 2001).

"Social Capital, Civil Society, and Development," Third World Quarterly 22 (no. 1, 2001).

“Comparing East Asia and Latin America:  Dimensions of Development” (with Sanjay Marwah),  Journal of Democracy, October 2000.  Reprinted in Laurence Whitehead, ed., Emerging Market Democracies:  East Asia and Latin America (Baltimore:  Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).  This is a shorter version of "Economic and Political Development in East Asia and Latin America: Discerning Differences."  

“Social Capital,” in Lawrence Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds., Culture Matters, Basic Books, 2000.

“Don’t Do It, Britannia,” Prospect, May 2000.  (Essay and review of Tom Nairn, After Britain.)

“Der unprogrammierte Unmensch,” in Die Gegenwart der Zukunft (Berlin:  Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, 2000). 
 
“Social Capital and Civil Society,” IMF Working Paper WP/00/74, April 2000.

Comment on “American Power—For What?” Commentary, January 2000.

“Asian Values, Korean Values, and Democratic Consolidation,” in L. Diamond and D. C. Shin, eds., Institutional Reform and Democratic Consolidation in Korea (Stanford:  Hoover Institution Press, 2000).

“The March of Equality,” Journal of Democracy 11 (January 2000).

 “Military Organization in the Information Age:  Lessons from the World of Business” (with A. N. Shulsky) in Zalmay Khalilzad and John P. White, eds., The Changing Role of Information Warfare (Santa Monica, CA:  Rand, 1999).

 “The Politics of Women,” in Sian Griffiths, ed., Predictions:  30 Great Minds on the Future (Oxford:  Oxford University Press, 1999).

 “Asian Values in the Wake of the Asian Crisis,” The Review of Korean Studies 2, Sept. 1999.

“How to Remoralize America,” The Wilson Quarterly, July 1999.

“Asian Values and the Current Crisis,” Development Outreach 1, no. 1, Summer 1999.

“Second Thoughts:  The Last Man in a Bottle,” The National Interest, Summer 1999.

“The Great Disruption:  Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order,” The Atlantic Monthly, May 1999.

“Women and the Evolution of World Politics,” Foreign Affairs 77 no. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 1998).

 Response to Sebastian Mallaby, The National Interest (Summer 1998).

 "Falling Tide:  Global Trends and US Civil Society," Harvard International Review 20, no. 1 (Winter 1997-98).

 “Asian Values and the Asian Crisis, “ Commentary (February 1998).

"Is It All In the Genes?" Commentary (September 1997).

Comment on "Is There a Worldwide Conservative Crackup?" The Weekly Standard (Aug.25-Sept. 1, 1997).

 “The Illusion of Exceptionalism,” Journal of Democracy, July 1997.

Comment on "The Future of Conservatism," Commentary, February 1997.

“Trust Still Counts in a Virtual World,” Forbes ASAP, Dec. 2, 1996.

Comment on “The National Prospect,” Commentary, November 1995.

“Social Capital and the Global Economy,” Foreign Affairs 74 no. 5 (Sept./Oct. 1995).

“On the Possibility of Writing a Universal History,” in Arthur M. Melzer, Jerry Weinberger, and M. Richard Zinman, eds., History and the Idea of Progress (Ithaca, NY:  Cornell University Press, 1995).

“Virtue and Prosperity,” The National Interest, No. 40 (Summer 1995).

“Immigration,” in Lamar Alexander and Chester E. Finn, Jr., eds., The New Promise of American Life (Indianapolis, IN:  Hudson Institute, 1995).

 “Confucianism and Democracy,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, no. 2 (April 1995).

“The Primacy of Culture,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, no. 1 (Jan. 1995).

“Die Zukunft des Krieges” (“The Future of War”), Frankfurter Allgemeine Magazin, no. 772, Dec. 16, 1994.

“Reflections on 'The End of History' Five Years Later,” in Timothy Burns, ed., After History:  Francis Fukuyama and His Critics (Lanham, MD:  Rowman and Littlefield, 1994).

“Against the New Pessimism,” Commentary, Vol. 96. no. 2, February 1994.

 “Great Planes,” The New Republic, September 6, 1993.

“Immigrants and Family Values,” Commentary, Vol. 95, no. 5, May 1993.

“The Modernizing Imperative,” The National Interest, No. 31, Spring 1993.

 “Neyasnost' Natsional'nogo Interessa (The Ambiguity of National Interest),” Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), October 16, 1992; published also in S. Sestanovich, ed., Rethinking Russia's National Interests (Washington:  CSIS, 1994).  . 

Comment on Ghia Nodia, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 3, no. 4, October 1992. 

Comment on Stankevich, The National Interest, No. 28, 1992.

“The Beginning of Foreign Policy,” The New Republic, August 17 and 14, 1992.

 “Capitalism and Democracy:  The Missing Link,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 3, no. 3, July 1992.

Comment on "Is America on the Way Down?" Commentary, May 1992.

“Democratization and International Security,” in New Dimensions in International Security, Adelphi Paper No. 266, London, International Institute for Strategic Studies.

“Liberal Democracy as a Global Phenomenon,” Political Science, December 1991.

“The Next South Africa,” The National Interest, No. 18, Summer 1991.

“A Reply to My Critics,” The National Interest,  No. 16, Winter 1989-90.

“The End of History?”  The National Interest, Summer 1989.

“Discord or Cooperation in the Third World?” in Coping with Gorbachev's Soviet Union, Washington, D.C., CSIS Significant Issues Series, Vol. X, No. 9, 1988.

“The Political Character of the Overseas Empire,” in Henry Rowen and Charles Wolf, eds, The Future of the Soviet Empire (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).

“Soviet Military Power in the Middle East; or, Whatever Became of Power Projection?” in S. Spiegel, M. Heller, and J. Goldberg, eds., The Soviet-American Competition in the Middle East (Lexington,!MA: Lexington Books, 1987).

“The Cycles of Soviet Third World Policy,” Problems of Communism, September - October 1987.

“Asia in a Global War,” Comparative Strategy, Vol. 6, no.4, 1987.

“A Systematic Soviet Strategy for the Third World?” in Dennis Bark ed., The Red Orchestra, Stanford:  Hoover Institution Press, 1986 (also published as RAND P-6965, February 1984).

“Gorbachev and the Third World,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, no.4, Spring, 1986.

“Soviet Experience with Cooperative Forces,” in Charles Wolf and Katherine Watkins, eds., Developing Cooperative Forces in the Third World, Lexington, MA, Lexington Books, 1986 (also published as RAND N-2325-USDP, June 1985).

“Military Aspects of the U.S.-Soviet Competition in the Third World,” in Marshall D.  Shulman, ed., East-West Tensions in the Third World, Norton, 1986 (also published as RAND P-7164, 1985).

“The Rise and Fall of the Marxist-Leninist Vanguard Party,” Survey, Vol. 29, No. 2, Summer 1985.

“U.S.-Soviet Interactions in the Third World,” in Arnold L. Horelick, ed., U.S.-Soviet Relations:  The Next Phase, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1986 (also published as RAND OPS-004, March 1985).

“The New Marxist Leninist States and Internal Conflict in the Third World,” in Uri Ra'anan et. al., Third World Marxist-Leninist Regimes:  Strengths, Vulnerabilities, and U.S. Policy, Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis Special Report, September 1985 (also published as RAND P-7020, 1984).

“Escalation in the Middle East and Persian Gulf,” in Graham Allison, Albert Carnesale, and Joseph Nye (eds.), Hawks, Doves, and Owls, Norton, 1985 (also published as RAND P-7021, September 1984).

“New Directions for Soviet Middle East Policy:  Implications for the Atlantic Alliance,” in Steven L. Spiegel, ed., The Middle East and the Western Alliance, George Allen and Unwin, 1982 (also published as RAND P-6443, February 1980).

“Pakistan Since the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan,” in Shirin Tahir-Kheli, ed., U.S. Strategic Interests in Southwest Asia, Praeger, 1982.

 “The USSR and the Middle East,” Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. IV, 1981 (with A.S. Becker).

"The Security of Pakistan:  A Trip Report," RAND Corporation N-1584-RC, September 1980.

"The Future of the Soviet Role in Afghanistan:  A Trip Report," RAND Corporation N-1579-RC, September 1980.

"The Soviet Union and Iraq Since 1968," RAND Corporation N-1524-AF, July 1980.

“Nuclear Shadowboxing:  Soviet Intervention Threats in the Middle East,” Orbis, Fall 1981 (also published as RAND N-1577-FF, June 1980).

“A New Soviet Strategy,” Commentary, October 1979.

"The Soviet Threat to the Persian Gulf," RAND Corporation P-6596, March 1981.

 “Egypt and Israel After Camp David,” Current History, January 1979 (with Steven J. Rosen).

Reviews and Miscellaneous

The American Interest:

• “L’Enfant’s Washington” (review of four books on Pierre Charles L’Enfant), May-June 2007.

Political Science Quarterly:

• Rajan Menon, Soviet Power and the Third World, Summer, 1987.

The Journal of Democracy: 

• Mark Juergensmeyer, A New Cold War?  Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State, October 1993

The New Republic:

• Gregory Treverton, Covert Action, December 21, 1987.
• Joel Kotkin, Tribes, April 19, 1993
• Tony Smith, America's Mission, Feb. 6, 1995.

Times Literary Supplement:

• Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order, Nov. 30, 1993.
• Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty, Oct. 28, 1994.
• Elie Kedourie, Hegel and Marx:  Introductory Lectures, Sept. 29, 1995.
• Immanuel Wallerstein, After Liberalism; John Gray, Enlightenment’s Wake; Steven Kautz, Liberalism and Community, May 10, 1996.
• Deepak Lal, Unintended Consequences:  The Impact of Factor Endowments, Culture, and Politics on Long-run Economic Performance, June 18, 1999.

New York Times Book Review:

• Michael Ignatieff, Blood and Belonging, April 10, 1994.
• Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Civil Wars:  From LA to Bosnia, Oct. 9, 1994.
• Charles Reich, Opposing the System, Nov. 26, 1995.
• Roy Beck, The Case Against Immigration; Chilton Williamson, The Immigration Mystique, Sept. 1, 1996.
• Derek Bok, The State of the Nation:  Government and the Quest for a Better Society, Feb. 2, 1997.
• James Chace, Acheson:  The Secretary of State who Created the American World, August 23, 1998.
• Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude:  War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, July 25, 2004.
• “The American Way of Secrecy,” retrospective review of Edward Shils, The Torment of Secrecy, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Secrecy, Oct. 8, 2006.
• Samantha Power, Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World, Feb. 17, 2008.
  
• Matthew Crawford, Shop Class as Soul Craft, June 7, 2009.

The Wall Street Journal:

• Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Nov. 7, 1996.
• Danielle Crittenden, What Our Mothers Didn’t Tell Us, Jan. 26, 1999.
• Susan Faludi, Stiffed:  The Betrayal of the American Man, Sept. 24, 1999.
• Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate, Sept. 26, 2002.
• Jared Diamond, Collapse, Jan. 7 2005.

Commentary:

• Robert D. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth, April 1996.
• Stephanie Gutmann, The Kinder, Gentler Military, February 2000.
• George Gilder, Telecosm, October 2000.
• Paul R. Ehrlich, Human Natures, February 2001.
• Timothy Garten Ash, Free World:  American, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West, December 2004.

The Weekly Standard:

• William Greider, One World, Ready or Not:  The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, Jan. 27, 1997.
• Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash and The Diamond Age, April 21, 1997.

The New Statesman:

• Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, July 5, 1999.

The Washington Times:

• Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust, Oct. 19, 1997.

The Washington Post:

• Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone:  The Collapse and Revival of American Community, May 28, 2000.

The Wilson Quarterly:

• Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny, Winter 2000.
• Bruce Caldwell, Hayek’s Challenge, Spring 2004. 

The National Interest:

• Thomas Sowell, Race and Culture, Winter 1994.
• Daniel Bell, The Coming of Postindustrial Society, Special Anniversary Edition, Winter 1999.

Wired:

• Jane Jacobs, Dark Age Ahead, May 2004.

Slate.com:

• Samuel Huntington, Who Are We?  Challenges to America’s National Identity, June 4, 2004.
• Bruce Bawer, While Europe Slept; Tony Blankley, The West’s Last Chance; Pat Buchanan, The Death of the West. 
• Wangari Maathai, The Challenge for Africa; Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid, May 4, 2009.

The Public Interest:

• James Nolan, The Therapeutic Society, Summer 1998.
• Charles Griswold, Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment, Summer 1999.

The Economist Book Review:

• Peter Huber, Orwell's Revenge:  The 1984 Palimpsest, Feb. 1995.

National Review:

• Peter Brimelow, Alien Nation:  Common Sense About America's Immigration Disaster, May 1995.

American Spectator:

• Robert F. Byrnes, ed., After Brezhnev
• Andrew Cockburn, The Threat
• James Fallows, National Defense
• Curtis Cate, The Ides of August
• Nadav Safran, Israel: The Embattled Ally

Regular op-ed writer for the Wall Street Journal; various other op-ed pieces in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, New York Newsday, The Washington Post, Guardian (UK), Telegraph (UK), Financial Times (UK), Times (UK), Le Point (France),  Le Monde (France), Le Figaro (France), Mondo Economico (Italy), La Stampa (Italy), Il Sole 24 Ore (Italy), La Repubblica (Italy), Yomiuri Shimbun (Japan), Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (Germany), Die Zeit (Germany), Suddeutsche Zeitung (Germany), Australian Financial Review (Australia), El Pais (Spain), El Mundo (Spain), Mainichi Shimbun (Japan), Sankei Shimbun (Japan), Global Business (Japan), NRC Handelsblad (Netherlands) De Groene Amsterdamer (Netherlands), Chosun Ilbo (Korea), Kyung Hyang Daily News (Korea) and Joong An Daily News (Korea).